Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are systems formed from a eutectic mixture of Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases which can contain a variety of anionic and/or cationic species. They are classified as types of ionic solvents with special properties. They incorporate one or more compound in a mixture form, to give a eutectic with a melting point much lower than either of the individual components. [\[Wiki\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_eutectic_solvent) DES have been used together with inorganic salts to recover xylose or glucose. This process usually consists of two steps: DES pre-treatment and salt and enzyme hydrolysis and extraction. DES that have been used for sugar extractions: ChCl:Urea, Foraceline **Research findings:** * The synergistic effects of DES and inorganic salt were investigated for recovering xylose from OPF. The combination of ChCl:urea (120 °C, 4 h) and CuCl2 (120 °C, 30 min) produced significantly higher xylose yields (14.76 g/L) than CuCl2-alone pretreatment (11.87 g/L), this is a recovery of 74%. Glucose and arabinose were also liberated at concentrations of 0.26 (less than 1% recovery) and 0.8 g/L, respectively. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-25710-2741963893) * Glucose was recovered at a concentration of 37.3 g/L (total sugar conc. 422.76 g/L) by a two-step process consisting of a two-stage pretreatment with Foraceline (choline chloride, formic acid and acetic acid) and Na2CO3 and subsequent hydrolysis with (solid bound) enzymes (celluloses). Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-25710-2760285358)

Ultrafiltration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which forces like pressure or concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the so-called retentate, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the permeate (filtrate). This separation process is used in industry and research for purifying and concentrating macromolecular (103 - 106 Da) solutions, especially protein solutions. [\[Wiki\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafiltration) Ultrafiltration can be used in multiple steps in the process. It has been applied for final separation of sugars, Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-25546-2878215405); [#ARTNUM](#article-25546-2371418284), but more commonly it is applied as pretreatment, Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-25546-2535941283). **Process**: Micellar enhanced ultrafiltration: All experiments were performed in a temperature-controlled dead end ultrafiltration cell. The transmembrane pressure in the filtration cell was adjusted to 4.5 bar with nitrogen. The solution was stirred during the filtration process to avoid concentration polarization. Membranes (Millipore, YM-10, regenerated cellulose) with a molecular weight cut off of 10 kDa were used. The filtration of the mono- and disaccharides (arabinose, cellobiose, glucose, sucrose) was carried out using different surfactants and phenylboronic acid. The pH values in the solution were adjusted to pH = 11 with 1 mol/L KOH. The two cationic surfactants used within this work are CTAB and Aliquat 336TM. While CTAB was used in a system of purely cationic surfactant (0.2 wt%), Aliquat 336TM (0.75 wt%) was used in combination with the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100TM (5 wt%) and the anionic surfactant SDS (5 wt%), respectively. Thus, it can be assumed that the surfactant in solution is mainly present in micellar form. The aqueous surfactant/sugar/carrier mixture was incubated prior to filtration in a temperature-controlled shaker (Grant OLS 200) at 25 °C. The membrane was regenerated with ethanol and deionized water after each filtration run. Monosaccharides were recovered efficiently and with high selectivity (up to 64%). Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-25546-2070996945) **Findings:** * The invention discloses a method for preparing xylose functional sugar from hemicellulose polysaccharide in hydrolyzed agricultural waste, and belongs to the field of xylose. Membrane separation with an ultrafiltration membrane is performed to obtain a xylose product, and concentrating and drying the xylose product. Through the method, redundant byproducts are removed through hydrolysis in order to obtain xylose with the purity being 90-95%. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-25546-2878215405) * In the current industry,the xylose is manufactured by corncobs through hydrolysis, neutralization, two decoloring steps with activated carbon, two ion-exchange treatments and some other steps. But the process is costly and complex. In this paper,ultrafiltration was introduced into the production process of xylose. The result showed the ultrafiltration treatment can cut down impurity and purify the xylose solution. In the ultrafiltration, gas sparging was used to deal with problems such as concentration polarization and membrane fouling. Art.[#ARTNUM](#article-25546-2371418284)

Thin-film composite membranes (TFC or TFM) are semipermeable membranes manufactured principally for use in water purification or water desalination systems. They also have use in chemical applications such as batteries and fuel cells. A TFC membrane can be considered as a molecular sieve constructed in the form of a film from two or more layered materials. TFC membranes are commonly classified as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Both types are typically made out of a thin polyamide layer (<200 nm) deposited on top of a polyethersulfone or polysulfone porous layer (about 50 microns) on top of a non-woven fabric support sheet. The three layer configuration gives the desired properties of high rejection of undesired materials (like salts), high filtration rate, and good mechanical strength. The polyamide top layer is responsible for the high rejection and is chosen primarily for its permeability to water and relative impermeability to various dissolved impurities including salt ions and other small, unfilterable molecules. [\[Wiki\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_composite_membrane) Thin film composite membranes have been researched mainly with regard to separation of xylose and glucose. There has been some research for use in biomass hydroysates. Research is mainly focussed on types of membranes and membrane production and improving separation factors. **No research or processes have been developed with actual biomass hydrolysates, only pure components in water.** **Research findings:** * The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of membrane developed by interfacial polymerization reaction between triethanolamine (TEOA) (6 % w/v) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) (0.15 % w/v) as monomers on polyethersulfone (PES) microporous substrate to separate xylose from glucose. In this study, factors affecting the process, namely pressure, concentration of total sugars in solution, and composition of monosaccharides in total sugar, were investigated using twolevel factorial analysis. Overall from the present study, it can be concluded that nanofiltration has high potential to replace currently in use chromatographic method in xylose separation. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-25562-2092236646) * One of the newest applications of the membrane technology is for the separation of sugar component and inhibitor removal during biomass processing in biorefinery. Most of the membranes used in biorefinery were commercially purchased and not specifically customise for the biomass hydrolysate processing. In the current study, a series of thin film composite (TFC) hollow fiber membranes were fabricated to tailor the performance toward xylose/glucose refinement and acetic acid removal in biomass processing. Polysulfone (PSf) hollow fiber membrane support was prepared using 20wt% PSf, 2wt% Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30(PVP K30) and 78wt% dimethylformamide (DMF) through dry/wet spinning process. Three types of aqueous monomers were studied in interfacial polymerization process, which are piperazine (PIP), triethanolamine (TEOA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). TFC hollow fiber membrane prepared using TEOA monomer showed the best performance for separation of biomass hydrolysate component. It exhibited rejection value 50.98% of xylose, 71.72% of glucose and 5.45% of acetic acid. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-25562-2623952816)

Nanofiltration membranes could offer a relatively cost-competitive separation step, less complex and easier to maintain compared to chromatographic methods. **Hollow fiber membranes have been used in biological systems, but not in this direct context. They have also been applied for xylose-glucose separation in pure systems.** **Research findings** * The objective of this study is to produce PES hollow fiber nanofiltration membrane for the separation of xylose and glucose. The performances test of membrane was carried out by separated a xylose and glucose. HPLC separation test was used to analyse the samples from the separation process. The result from this experiment is the composition of xylose in permeate is larger than glucose since xylose has lower molecular size than glucose. The results showed that, as the concentration of additive increase, the fluxes also increase and the sugar rejection will lower. As the concentration of PVP increase, the separation of xylose and glucose increase based on the xylose separation factor and solute rejection of xylose and glucose in the mixture solution. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-25567-2354048319) * The results indicate that the separation of xylose from glucose by nanofiltration is possible to a limited extent. The mass ratio of xylose to glucose in the permeate was 1.5–3.0 times higher than their ratio in the feed. The observed monosaccharide retentions depend highly on permeate flux, and retentions increase to certain reproducible level as pressure and consequently flux is increased. The observed xylose retentions were from 0 to 80% and the glucose retentions were from 10 to 90%. The effect of total monosaccharide concentration on the observed retention is smaller than the effect of flux. The largest difference between xylose and glucose retentions was detected at permeate fluxes between 5 to 30 kg m −2  h −1. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-25567-2029323095)

By selectively converting one of the sugars into another product, followed by subsequent nanofiltration, sugar monomers can be separated. In this way next to monomer recovery, added-value products could be produced. **Process:** Enzymatic reactions and filtrations were conducted in a magnetically stirred dead-end cell (Amicon 8050, Millipore, USA). Dead-end filtration was selected as filtration mode, as it provides the most comprehensive insight of the effects of fouling during filtration. The biomass liquors were obtained after hydrothermal pretreatment (190 °C, 10 min) and pressing (leading to solid-liquid fractionation). In order to optimize the flux and biocatalytic performance of the membrane bioreactor, the biomass pretreatment liquors were subjected to different post treatments. First, the biomass pretreatment liquor was subjected to centrifugation (Heraeus Multifuge 4 KR Centrifuge, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Secondly, the biomass pretreatment liquor was subjected to acid hydrolysis in order to decompose the soluble poly- and oligosaccharides and in turn increase the yield of monosaccharides. Acid hydrolysis was accomplished by adding 9 mL H2SO4 (97 w/w%) to 400 mL biomass pretreatment liquor, which was subsequently autoclaved at 121 °C for 10 min. After acid hydrolysis, CaCO3 (16–18 g pr. 400 mL liquor) was added to the liquor (pH < 1) in order to precipitate CaSO4 and thereby increase the pH to 5.5. 19.5 mL pretreated and post-treated WS liquor, respectively, was transferred to the dead-end cell equipped with the PLGC membrane and a stir bar. 300 U GOD (∼500 μl) and 900 U CAT (∼4 μl) were then added, and hydrogen peroxide solution (∼68 μl) was added to a total concentration of 30 mM. Biocatalytic reactions were conducted for 40 min at 35 °C, pH 5.5 and 100 rpm. The liquors were then subjected to NF with the NF270 membrane at 4 bar and room temperature. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-30331-2769701877) **Research findings:** * The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficiency of enzymeassisted nanofiltration for separation of xylose from glucose present in genuine biorefinery liquors obtained from hydrothermal pretreatment of wheat straw, corn stover and Miscanthus stalks. Glucose oxidase and catalase were used to convert the glucose contained in the liquors into gluconic acid, so xylose could be more easily recovered in the subsequent nanofiltration. The best separation factor of gluconic acid over xylose in the subsequent nanofiltration was 2.7, 2.5 and 2.2 for wheat straw, corn stover and Miscanthus stalks, respectively. All represented a significant improvement compared to the benchmark separation of xylose and glucose, in which case the separation factor was only 1.4. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-30331-2769701877) * The resulting purity of xylose with respect to gluconic acid was 91% (vs. >99% for the model solution), whereas the purity of xylose with respect to all components was only 60%. In both cases, the yield of xylose was 30%. Generally, the WP loss obtained for the biomass liquors (∼14% irrespective of biomass) was comparable with the WP loss obtained for the model solution, which indicated that despite the increasing complexity of the real biomass feedstocks, fouling was not a big limitation in the real system either. [#ARTNUM](#article-30331-2769701877)

Robust membranes are an important field of research in the domain of filtration. Robust membranes are required in biomass applications as these have high fouling potential. Robust membranes have not been explored much for sugar separations, but have been used to concentrate steams and separate/remove salts from biomass streams, waste water or black liquor. Most 'robust' membranes are based on or composed of graphene (oxide). Thin-film graphene and graphene oxide (GO) membranes have unique attributes such as a pseudo-2D structure, high flexibility, and mechanical strength. GO is a chemical derivative of graphene with large number of oxidized functional groups on the surface and has been great of interest for development of large surface area GO thin film membranes. Promising performance of GO membranes has been demonstrated in certain gas separation and fluid filtration (NF and RO) applications, in terms of high water fluxes and significant rejections of organic and inorganic solids. **Research findings:** * We report a detailed study of graphene oxide (GO) membranes for concentration of Kraft black liquor (BL), which is a caustic (pH ∼ 12), hot (80–95 °C), and highvolume (∼500 gal/min in a typical pulp mill) byproduct of the papermaking process. Membranebased concentration of BL is attractive as an energyefficient alternative to thermally driven evaporation processes but challenging due to the harsh operating conditions and high fouling potential of BL (15–18 wt % solids). We fabricate thin (<300 nm) GO membranes supported on macroporous poly(ethersulfone) (PES) supports by vacuum filtration techniques and discuss in detail their morphology, structure, thermomechanical stability, and chemical stability as characterized by several techniques. Furthermore, detailed permeation measurements at transmembrane pressures (TMPs) up to 50 bar and temperatures up to 85 °C show that the membranes have high performance in concentrating BL feeds containing high and low TS (total solids) Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-38667-2560546809) * Acetic acid is one of the inhibitors mainly found in biomass hydrolysates after acid hydrolysis of lignocellulose biomass. The presence of this compound can affect the final yield of bioethanol. Supported liquid membrane (SLM) is an efficient method for solute extraction from aqueous solution. However, unsuitable membrane structure and insufficient membrane strength are the typical problems experienced by the membrane support in the SLM system. In the current study, graphene nanopowder was incorporated into polyethersulfone (PES) dope polymer solution to fabricate flat sheet PES membrane support. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-38667-2586633763) * Grafted polymer membranes (GPM) composed of a polymer support and an extractive agent are original materials to improve the performance in the separation process of organic molecules. In this study, a GPM was elaborated with polysulfone (PSU) and poly(1vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as support containing Gluconic acid (GA) as extractive agent. The main objective is to develop a new GPM for recovering Glucose, Fructose, and Sucrose from sugar industry discharges. The membranes were prepared by the phase inversion technique after dissolution of all various constituents. The results show that the adopted GPM is more efficient for the extraction of glucose relative to sucrose and fructose compounds, and that a selective extraction remains possible. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-38667-2792493113) This study reports the synthesis and physicochemical properties of a silicacrosslinked graphene oxide (GO) membrane, and highlights its unique capability to remove neutral organic molecules from water. The silicacrosslinked GO membrane was formed by soaking a layerstacked GO film in saturated silica solution and remained stable under various test conditions. Comparison of the chemical compositions of the GO membrane before and after silica crosslinking indicates that silica mainly reacted with the carboxyl groups in GO. The GO membrane was negatively charged and found to remove the tested neutral organic molecules (glucose and sucrose) (∼84% to 90%) much more efficiently than the tested negatively charged ionic species (trisodium citrate/TSC) (∼22%). This unique separation behavior is quite interesting, as it is generally known that a charged nanofiltration or reverse osmosis membrane would remove charged species much better than neutral molecules of comparable sizes. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-38667-2383870047)

Xylose and arabinose can be separated by reaction to xylose monoacetal and arabinose diacetal. This mixture can then be effectively separated by solvent extraction: the xylose monoacetal by a polar solvent and the diacetal by a non-polar solvent. They can then hydrolyzed to give xylose and arabinose. **Process:** A mixture of the pentose sugars from the enzymatic treatment of the lignocellulose was dried and treated with acetone or other ketones or aldehydes in the presence of acid. The use of an acyclic acetal such as 2,2-dimethoxypropane aids acetalization by preventing hydrolysis of the acetal or ketal. Water scavengers such as orthoesters can also be added to aid the acetalization. After neutralization with an organic or inorganic base, the solvents were removed and the mixture was extracted with hexane or other hydrocarbon solvent. The extract contains the diacetals of L-arabinose (1) and D-xylose (2). Alternatively, the diacetals can be extracted with a non-polar supercritical solvent such as carbon dioxide or they can be recovered together by distillation from the mixture. The polarity of the solvent needs to be low enough that any acetals of hexose sugars, oligosaccharides or polysaccharides are not extracted. The mixture of diacetals was treated in a polar solvent such as methanol or water under conditions that react only the 3,5-acetal group of D-xylose to give a 3,5-diol of xylose. The mixture was then neutralized with base and an immiscible (non-polar) solvent was added. The layers were separated to give the individual protected pentoses. The acetals were deprotected by acid hydrolysis to give the pentoses, xylose and arabinose. Xylose is formed as a five-membered ring from the acetal protected D-xylofuranose. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-25713-US7498430B2)

Several types of pretreatments were found that enhance the recovery of monomeric sugars: **Ionic liquid-based pretreatments:** * After treating the switchgrass with \[C2mim\]\[OAc\] and dilution with water to a final IL concentration of 10–20%, the pretreatment slurry was directly hydrolyzed using a thermostable IL tolerant enzyme cocktail previously developed at the Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI). This onepot process liberated 81.2% glucose and 87.4% xylose (monomers and oligomers) at 72 h at 70 °C with an enzyme loading of 5.75 mg g−1 of biomass at 10% \[C2mim\]\[OAc\]. Glucose and xylose were selectively separated by liquid–liquid extraction with over 90% efficiency, thus eliminating extensive water washing as a unit operation. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-1982632394) * Fractionation of sugarcane bagasse into three pure streams of chemical constituents was addressed through dissolution of constituents with the ionic liquids, 1ethyl3methylimidazolium acetate (\[EMiM\]CH3COO) or 1butyl3methylimidazolium methyl sulfate (\[BMiM\]MeSO4). Constituents were isolated from the reaction mixture with the antisolvents acetone (Ā), acetone–water (AW), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Delignification was enhanced by NaOH, although resulting in impure product streams. Xylose preextraction (75 % w/w) by dilute acid pretreatment, prior to ionic liquid treatment, improved lignin purity after antisolvent separation. Fractionation efficiency of the combined process was maximized (84 %) by ionic liquid treatment at 125 °C for 120 min, resulting in 80.2 % (w/w) lignin removal and 76.5 % (w/w) lignin recovery. Ionic liquids achieved similar degrees of delignification, although fully digestible celluloserich solids were produced only by \[EMiM\]CH3COO treatment. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-2098558767) * Cholinium ILs were found to be effective pretreatment solvents for grass lignocelluloses as well as eucalyptus, resulting in significant improvements in the glucose yields (58–75%) in subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis, while they were inefficient to make pine susceptible to biodegradation. Approximately 46% of lignin in native rice straw was fractionated as LRM after pretreatment using cholinium argininate (\[Ch\]\[Arg\]). \[Ch\]\[Arg\] showed excellent recyclability, and the total recovery was as high as 75% after reused for 8 cycles. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-2211929158) * Herein, an ionic liquid/water (IL/w) system was developed to separate hemicelluloses from the chemical pulp with enhanced efficiency by employing xylanase. In the traditional IL/w process, when the water content was in the range 2015%, the extraction of hemicelluloses was 71–80%. However, the highly efficient hemicelluloses removal was always accompanied with an increased cellulose loss. In this regard, xylanase (X) pretreatment was introduced to facilitate the IL/w process for improving the separation selectivity/efficiency of the hemicelluloses. In the case of the IL/w20 (water content is 20%) procedure, X 30 (30 mg/g xylanase) pretreatment could increase hemicelluloses removal from 71 to 78%, while the separation selectivity increased from 11.0 to 43.8. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-2757843086) **Other solvent-based pretreatments:** * This dissertation outlines the inception, development, and application of a novel biomass conversion technology called Cosolvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation, or CELF, that applies tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a miscible aqueous cosolvent to greatly augment the dilute acidcatalyzed deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass to enable production of renewable fuels and chemicals at unprecedented yields. CELF directly enhances the production of primary fuel precursors such as monomeric sugars. Reducing the reaction severity of CELF with dilute sulfuric acid drastically improved total sugar recovery, achieving 95% xylose recovery from corn stover after first stage pretreatment and subsequent > 99% glucose recovery after enzymatic hydrolysis of the remaining solids at an enzyme dosage of only 2 mgprotein gglucan1. In all cases, CELF was effective at delignifying the biomass, dissolving up to 90% of the lignin into the liquid phase. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-87783891) * Herein, a biomassderived deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment was developed to deconstruct the recalcitrant structure of Eucalyptus for further cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis and lignin valorization. The DES consisted of biomassderived chemicals (lactic acid and choline chloride). The results showed that DES pretreatment resulted in notable removal of hemicelluloses and lignin, and drastically reduced “biomass recalcitrance”. Under the optimum conditions (DES ratio: 10 : 1, temperature: 110 °C, time: 6 h), the glucose yield by enzymatic hydrolysis reached 94.3%, which was significantly enhanced 9.8 times compared to that of the original biomass without DES pretreatment. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-2902977272) **Filtration-based pretreatment:** * In this work nanofiltration technology has been employed for removal of inhibitors and recovery of monosaccharides from dilute acid lignocellulose hydrolysates. The influences of feed solution pH, permeate flux, and Na2SO4 concentration on the rejection of monosaccharides and inhibitors were investigated. This process allowed the removal of 90% inhibitors, while 93.55% glucose, 90.75% xylose, and 90.53% arabinose were recovered. Finally, a batch column equipped with a strong acid cation exchange resin was employed to recover the monosaccharides from the hydrolysate. Using water as an eluent, 95.37% of the sulfuric acid and 94.87% of the monosaccharides were recovered. In all, we demonstrated that the combination of nanofiltration with electrolyte exclusion chromatography is a promising integrated process for the recovery of monosaccharides and inorganic acids from dilute acid corncob hydrolysates. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-2796257764) * Ultrafiltration is carried out with an organic membrane in a first time to remove precipitating macromolecules. Afterwards conventional electrodialysis allows the sulfuric acid recovery from hydrolysate in order to recycle it for the hydrolysis step. ED is a key step as it allows a double chemical saving: less fresh sulfuric acid is needed for hydrolysis and no alkaline chemicals are consumed to neutralize acid and precipitate macromolecules. Thus the salts content is considerably decreased, facilitating the further demineralization by ion-exchange and also resulting in the reduction of chemicals consumption. After activated carbon treatment, the product contains only sugars (glucose, xylose and arabinose). They can be separated from each other by continuous chromatography or crystallization. Pat. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-2535941283) * In shortterm filtrations, the nanofiltered permeate of the original hydrolyzate had 78–82% xylose of the TDS p (total dry solids in permeate) and the modified hydrolyzate 86–88% xylose of the TDS p . Thus, considerable xylose purification was obtained. The addition of crystalline xylose into the hemicellulose hydrolyzate gave a notable increase in permeate fluxes. The 20h filtration showed fouling and compaction effects as a flux decrease of approximately 10–25% was detected in the retention integrity test. According to the results, xylose purification from hemicellulose hydrolyzate could be enhanced by nanofiltration. Art.[#ARTNUM](#article-29968-1984209600) * Ultrafiltration was assessed to separate the components of the SCB alkaline extract which is a prerequisite for their further valorization. The permeate flux and the retention of the extract components were studied on seven membranes (polysulfone hollow fiber and ceramic tubular) with different molecular weight cutoffs, under various operating conditions. On all the membranes tested, oligomers of lignin and hemicelluloses were separated from salts, phenolic monomers and acetic acid. The 10 kDa polysulfone hollow fiber membrane presented the highest lignin and hemicelluloses retention, exceeding 85 and 90%, respectively, regardless of shear rate and with a limited influence of transmembrane pressure. For salts, acetic acid and phenolic monomers, retention levels of about 0–10% were recorded for this membrane. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-2909881858) **Other pretreatments:** * Optimizing of the thermal treatment was investigated. A treatment at 170 °C for 2 h was found optimal, with higher solubilzation of hemicellulose than that at 150 °C and lower degradation of sugar monomers than 190 °C. Recovery of xylose was high and the purity of xylose solution (78%) allows expecting an easy purification and separation of xylose before hydrogenation. Analysis of thermal hydrolyzates shows the presence of xylan oligomers and polymers with large distribution of DPs. This fraction should be submitted to enzymatic treatment to recover more xylose monomer. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-2003335961) * Ultrasound (US) can be used to disrupt microcrystalline cellulose to give nanofibers via ultrasonic cavitation. Sodium percarbonate (SP), consisting of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide, generates highly reactive radicals, which cause oxidative delignification. Here, we describe a novel pretreatment technique using a combination of US and SP (US–SP) for the efficient saccharification of cellulose and hemicellulose in lignocellulosic corn stover. Although US–SP pretreatment was conducted under mild condition (i.e., at room temperature and atmospheric pressure), the pretreatment greatly increased lignin removal and cellulose digestibility. We also determined the optimum US–SP treatment conditions, such as ultrasonic power output, pretreatment time, pretreatment temperature, and SP concentration for an efficient cellulose saccharification. Moreover, xylose could be effectively recovered from US–SP pretreated biomass without the formation of microbial inhibitor furfural. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-2138906300) * In this research, dilute acid hydrolysis is applied for the treatment toward OPF and parameters of reaction time (30, 60 and 90min) and acid concentration (2%, 3% and 4%) are taken into account in order to get the optimum conditions for xylose recovery from OPF. The result shows that, highest yield of xylose concentration is at 30 minutes of reaction time and 4% of H2SO4 acid concentration at condition of 1000C, solid to liquid ratio of 1:10. Besides these parameters, xylose recovery before and after detoxification process were also observed. The detoxification process help to increases the concentration of xylose at 1:10 of solid liquid ratio and temperature of 1000C, the xylose concentration before detoxification process was 6.638g/L and 7.759 g/L after detoxification process Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-2175989301) * The present work evaluates a twostep pretreatment process based on steam explosion and extrusion technologies for the optimal fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass. Twostep pretreatment of barley straw resulted in overall glucan, hemicellulose and lignin recovery yields of 84%, 91% and 87%, respectively. Precipitation of the collected ligninrich liquid fraction yielded a solid residue with high lignin content, offering possibilities for subsequent applications. Moreover, hydrolysability tests showed almost complete saccharification of the pretreated solid residue, which when combined with the low concentration of the generated inhibitory compounds, is representative of a good pretreatment approach. Art. [#ARTNUM](#article-29968-2609343073)